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Rezaeian M, Canetto S S. Protest Suicidality. JSP 2023; 5 (1) :39-40
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JSP
Journal of Suicide Prevention ![]()
https://isssp.ir Vol. 1. 2023. Article ID: e2023005
Protest Suicidality
Mohsen Rezaeian1, Silvia Sara Canetto2
1- (Corresponding author) Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Occupational Environment Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran, E-mail: moeygmr2@yahoo.co.uk
2- Silvia Sara Canetto, Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Conflicts of interest: None
Funding: None
Cite this article as: Rezaeian M, Canetto SS. Protest Suicidality. J Suicid Prevent. 2023 (Nov): 5:39-40 e2023005. *This work is published under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license.
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JSPJournal of Suicide Prevention
https://isssp.ir Vol. 1. 2023. Article ID: e2023005
Opinion
Protest Suicidality
Mohsen Rezaeian1, Silvia Sara Canetto2
1- (Corresponding author) Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Occupational Environment Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran, E-mail: moeygmr2@yahoo.co.uk
2- Silvia Sara Canetto, Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Conflicts of interest: None
Funding: None
Cite this article as: Rezaeian M, Canetto SS. Protest Suicidality. J Suicid Prevent. 2023 (Nov): 5:39-40 e2023005. *This work is published under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license.
Self-burning is a highly-fatal method of suicide that is mostly used within the countries located across South East Asian and in Muslim-majority countries [1-4]. In these countries, it is young illiterate or minimally-educated, married women who typically carry out the act, most often using a flammable liquid such as kerosene. The case fatality rate of self-burning reaches up to seventy percent [5-7]. Women’s self-burning is a way to protest against the systemic economic and social discrimination and abuse that women are subjected to, in these countries [8-11].
Most recently, including in a case-series study from Iraq, a new method of self-harming using intra-dermal injection of kerosene, has been reported [12]. Intra-dermal injection of kerosene produces inflammation, ulcer, necrosis, and fasciitis. Evidence suggests that this way of self-harming has been taken up mostly by young women [12-13].
As in the case of self-burning [8-11], intra-dermal injection of kerosene by women is a protest against the systemic economic and social discrimination and abuse that they suffer, as women, in their community. Not surprisingly most of the women who engaged in intra-dermal injection of kerosene had no history of anti-social behavior, alcohol, or other substance abuse or dependence [12].
For these reasons, we recommend calling women’s self-burning and women's intra-dermal injection of kerosene behavior “protest suicidality.” The protest nomenclature avoids psychologizing the act. It also facilitates recognizing the violations of human rights underlying the behavior, with implications for intervention and prevention [8-11].
Reference
[1] Rezaeian, M. The geographical belt of self-immolation. Burns. 2017; 43(1):245-6.
[2] Muhammad Saaiq. The menace of self-immolation plaguing Asian nations. Burns. 2017; 43(8):1817-18.
[3] Rezaeian, M. The prevention strategies for the geographical belt of self-immolation. Burns. 2017; 43(8): 1818.
[4] Samer El Hayek, Michele Cherro, Nadia El Harake, Elias Ghossoub. Self-immolation in the Arab world: A systematic review. Burns. 2023; 49(4): 757-69.
[5] Karim H, Schwebel DC, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Mohammadi R, Choubsaz M, Heidari Zadie Z, et al. What factors play a role in preventing self-immolation? Results from a case-control study in Iran. Journal of Injury and Violence Research. 2015; 7(2): 59-63.
[6] Ahmed DR. The epidemiology of self-immolation in Iraq: A systematic review. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2023 May 4:207640231168787. doi: 10.1177/00207640231168787. Online ahead of print.
[7] Rezaeian, M. Epidemiology of self-immolation. Burns. 2013; 39(1): 184-6.
[8] Canetto, S. S. Suicidal behavior among Muslim women: Patterns, pathways, meanings, and prevention. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. 2015. 6, 447-58.
[9] Rezaeian, M. The unique characteristics of self-immolation compared to other types of suicide: What does this imply? Burns. 2022 Feb; 48(1): 234-35.
[10] Canetto SS, Pouradeli S, Khan MM, Rezaeian M. Suicidal self-burning in women and men around the world: a cultural and gender analysis of patterns and explanations. In Pompili M. (Ed), Suicide Risk Assessment and Prevention. Springer International Publishing, 1-28 pages (2022).
[11] Canetto, SS., Rezaeian, M. Protest suicide among Muslim women: Human rights and social justice perspectives. In M. E. Button and I, Marsh (Eds.), Suicide and Social Justice: New Perspectives on the Politics of Suicide and Suicide Prevention. Taylor & Francis Publishing, 2019.
[12] Sharquie, K.E., Noaimi, A.A., Younis, M.S. and Al-Sultani, B.S. Kerosene-induced panniculitis in Iraqi patients. Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications. 2014; 4, 323-8.
[13] Awe, A.J, Soliman, M.A. and Gourdie, R.W. Necrotizing Fasciitis Induced by Self-Injection of Kerosene. Annals of Saudi Medicine. 2003; 23: 388-90.
Most recently, including in a case-series study from Iraq, a new method of self-harming using intra-dermal injection of kerosene, has been reported [12]. Intra-dermal injection of kerosene produces inflammation, ulcer, necrosis, and fasciitis. Evidence suggests that this way of self-harming has been taken up mostly by young women [12-13].
As in the case of self-burning [8-11], intra-dermal injection of kerosene by women is a protest against the systemic economic and social discrimination and abuse that they suffer, as women, in their community. Not surprisingly most of the women who engaged in intra-dermal injection of kerosene had no history of anti-social behavior, alcohol, or other substance abuse or dependence [12].
For these reasons, we recommend calling women’s self-burning and women's intra-dermal injection of kerosene behavior “protest suicidality.” The protest nomenclature avoids psychologizing the act. It also facilitates recognizing the violations of human rights underlying the behavior, with implications for intervention and prevention [8-11].
Reference
[1] Rezaeian, M. The geographical belt of self-immolation. Burns. 2017; 43(1):245-6.
[2] Muhammad Saaiq. The menace of self-immolation plaguing Asian nations. Burns. 2017; 43(8):1817-18.
[3] Rezaeian, M. The prevention strategies for the geographical belt of self-immolation. Burns. 2017; 43(8): 1818.
[4] Samer El Hayek, Michele Cherro, Nadia El Harake, Elias Ghossoub. Self-immolation in the Arab world: A systematic review. Burns. 2023; 49(4): 757-69.
[5] Karim H, Schwebel DC, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Mohammadi R, Choubsaz M, Heidari Zadie Z, et al. What factors play a role in preventing self-immolation? Results from a case-control study in Iran. Journal of Injury and Violence Research. 2015; 7(2): 59-63.
[6] Ahmed DR. The epidemiology of self-immolation in Iraq: A systematic review. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2023 May 4:207640231168787. doi: 10.1177/00207640231168787. Online ahead of print.
[7] Rezaeian, M. Epidemiology of self-immolation. Burns. 2013; 39(1): 184-6.
[8] Canetto, S. S. Suicidal behavior among Muslim women: Patterns, pathways, meanings, and prevention. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. 2015. 6, 447-58.
[9] Rezaeian, M. The unique characteristics of self-immolation compared to other types of suicide: What does this imply? Burns. 2022 Feb; 48(1): 234-35.
[10] Canetto SS, Pouradeli S, Khan MM, Rezaeian M. Suicidal self-burning in women and men around the world: a cultural and gender analysis of patterns and explanations. In Pompili M. (Ed), Suicide Risk Assessment and Prevention. Springer International Publishing, 1-28 pages (2022).
[11] Canetto, SS., Rezaeian, M. Protest suicide among Muslim women: Human rights and social justice perspectives. In M. E. Button and I, Marsh (Eds.), Suicide and Social Justice: New Perspectives on the Politics of Suicide and Suicide Prevention. Taylor & Francis Publishing, 2019.
[12] Sharquie, K.E., Noaimi, A.A., Younis, M.S. and Al-Sultani, B.S. Kerosene-induced panniculitis in Iraqi patients. Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications. 2014; 4, 323-8.
[13] Awe, A.J, Soliman, M.A. and Gourdie, R.W. Necrotizing Fasciitis Induced by Self-Injection of Kerosene. Annals of Saudi Medicine. 2003; 23: 388-90.
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Received: 2023/10/31 | Accepted: 2023/03/1 | Published: 2023/03/1
Received: 2023/10/31 | Accepted: 2023/03/1 | Published: 2023/03/1
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